As the construction progresses and more objects (modules in modular construction) are put in place, the space becomes limited and spatial conicts are more likely between cranes and other adjacent components or activities being carried out within prox- imity. When amalgamated with inherent design and plan changes during the construction process, the dynamic nature of mobile crane operations poses difculties in identifying crane-related spatial conicts and haz- ards on construction sites. Developing 4D simulation tools based on automatically generated detailed and optimized plans to animate the whole onsite crane opera- tion and enable timely response to changes can be a viable solution to present challenges. In current practice, CAD-based 2D and 3D simulations of different lift scenarios are produced by lift engineers through a rather static (i.e., using snapshots of pick and set positions) and time-consuming manner. ![]() However, the lack of advanced practical safety and management tools to enable practitioners to accu- rately analyze dynamic onsite processes and safety implications com- pounds the prevailing challenges (e.g., unskilled labor and lack of safety awareness), hampering the improvement of efciency and reliability.
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